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Central Question

Native Americans of California during the mission period: How did Native people resist and persist in the face of extreme adversity?

Art and the Ceiling at Mission Dolores

Introduction

Completed in 1791, the church at Mission San Francisco de Asís, also known as Mission Dolores, still stands in territory in present-day San Francisco. Spanish priests hoped baptized , , , , and kept at Mission Dolores would fully accept the Catholic religion and to Spanish culture. The Spanish forced Native people to build the mission and then do all the work needed to run it, including planting crops, caring for livestock, blacksmithing, carpentry, weaving, and making candles and soap. The missionaries also forced Native people to attend church services, practice Catholic , and learn the Spanish language and customs. However, as members of different tribes married one another, Native peoples at Mission Dolores created a new kind of community with mixed languages and a blending of cultural traditions from more than one tribe.1 Even though Spanish missionaries were watching them, the Native artists chose to paint traditional basket designs across the entire ceiling of the church at Mission Dolores.

Source

California Native Art and Culture: Living in the Walls of the Mission

Source Analysis Questions

  1. Based on the video source, what was used to create the colors on the ceiling? Why are the paint colors important? What else do the Ohlone use them for?

  2. What do you think this ceiling means to Ohlone, Coast Miwok, Bay Miwok, Patwin, and Wappo peoples today?

Learn More

Doug Stevens/Flyboy Graphics. ©2021 The Smithsonian’s National Museum of the American Indian
1.

Randall Milliken, Laurence H. Shoup, and Beverly R. Ortiz, "Ohlone/Costanoan Indians of the San Francisco Peninsula and their Neighbors, Yesterday and Today," Government Documents and Publications 6 (2017), https://digitalcommons.csumb.edu/hornbeck_ind_1/6.

2.

Nicole Meyers-Lim (Pomo), exec. dir., California Native Art and Culture: Living in the Walls of the Mission, produced by Sound Ideas Collective (Santa Rosa, CA: California Indian Museum and Cultural Center), video, 5:05, https://youtu.be/LHO6r8yUsrA?si=lY6UUippdTkQ5hua