Though little is known of the Mapuche during the pre-Hispanic period (AD 1450–1600), it is known that the Mapuche were led by toqui (war chiefs) during periods of military conflict. Toqui cura—badges of office mentioned by early Spanish chroniclers—are occasionally held today by Mapuche chiefs who live in isolated areas. Typically, toqui cura are made in the form of a bird’s head with elevated eyes—probably symbolizing a hawk. Hawks represent important ancestors among the Mapuche.

Infinity of Nations: Art and History in the Collections of the National Museum of the American Indian
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The National Museum of the American Indian  |  George Gustav Heye Center  |  New York, NY

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